Whatever They Told You About Expository Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Expository Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why An intriguing truth is that expository essay writing is a daily requirement for the majority of careers. Your essay must impress your professors and peers, so be certain to take their interests into consideration when you opt for a topic. Every essay has an identical structure, and you may never fail if your paper has a good introduction, a coherent principal body and a concise conclusion. For instance, perhaps you want to compose an essay on your regional church. Yes, it might be hard to discover great expository essay topics for college students, but writing the true paper isn't in any way difficult. Sometimes students tend toward avoiding controversial issues or essay prompts they don't agree with. It may be difficult for a college student to develop an interesting expository essay topic. Some college students could be requested to compose an expository essay for a number of classes like history, literature, or social sciences, and it may also develop into a task on an exam. In various ways, an expository essay is among the simplest essay styles. Even though the expository essay may appear to be very much like the persuasive one, there are a few differences. Each expository essay is going to have definite aim. An expository essay in literature may be challenging assignment. Bear in mind every tiny thing you need to mention in your essay ought to be well-reasoned. You cannot begin writing an essay without a sharp clue about what things to write. When you're assigned to compose an expository essay, the very first thing you have to know is the way to write it. There aren't a lot of things to say regarding the expository essay. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Expository Essay Topics Without an essay outline, it would be hard to recall the necessary sections, arguments, logical stream of essay, and general structure. At this point you have the information which you will need to compose a fantastic expository essay on love. Expository essay is a huge method to educate your readers on any topic by only providing useful information without attempting to convince a reader to modify her or his beliefs. Thus, the secret to successfully writing premium-grade essays is having a very clear comprehension of the subject. The War Against Exp ository Essay Topics There is no lack of tactics to compose expository essays. There is an extensive number of expository topics covering nearly every area of knowledge you could make use of for your essay. The best method to attain that is to choose a topic you want to know more about or have some overall understanding about. 24 superb topics to compose informative write-ups on sports have to be understandable. The Debate Over Expository Essay Topics An expository essay is the sort of essay which uses facts, statistics and noted data from reliable sources as the way of giving information, in place of personal opinion on the subject. You ought to use precise facts and figures simply to support your opinion. The conclusion ought to be a construction made from the past couple of paragraphs. All About Expository Essay Topics If you're writing an expository paper on art history, there are several prospective topics and ideas from which to select. The topic ought to be suitabl e for your essay type. Selecting the most suitable topic is essential for writing an expository essay, as it can influence your writing. It's tough to produce an intriguing and original expository essay topic as there are simply too many alternatives offered for you to pick from. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Expository Essay Topics Mark the main points that you wish to include in the paper. Focus on your language as it ought to be eerror-free Imagine your essay is a precious stone and produce all its faces shine using an easily readable and authentic language. With the above mentioned points, at this point you know the secret to compose a winning expository essay. If you are in need of an overall topic for an essay, writing about your school is a superior place to begin looking. If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. The only thing we recommend to do before you begin working on your expository essay is to make a suitable outline. If you still find it difficult to work on your expository essay, get in touch with our on-line writing team made from professional writers with over 10 decades of experience to receive your own personal academic lifebuoy!

My Year Of Being A High School Student - 862 Words

Absegami High School, this is where I am spending my years of being a high school student. I have been working hard as a student, a teammate, and an assistant. It is crazy how within these flying three years of being a high school student, I have achieved many of my passions. Some of them include being a captain of the school and club swim team, teaching toddlers how to swim and assisting children that are in the progress of learning English. Ultimately, I have sustained an ethical character that will help others and make them feel comfortable to their surroundings. As a little kid, I have always told myself I would one day attend New York University. Every day I wake up motivating myself to do well in school. Day by day, I realize I get closer and closer to achieving my dream. I study the material I have learned every day after school;I believe this will help me acquire my goal. Currently, my GPA is an average of 92.8. This is, in my eyes, a satisfying grade, but I know I can do better. As a hardworking student, I have to balance my school work with my swim practice and other extracurricular activities. In addition to being a good student, I would hate to see my other fellow classmates struggle in school. A couple of times a week I help other students with homework. When I see students not trying their best, I encourage them to reach their full potential. This leads to my leadership role. Leadership. This is something not everyone can just wake up having. I am the captainShow MoreRelatedSchool Size Has An Effect On College Enrollment Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pages As captain of her high school hockey team, leader of the art club, and the lead in the school play my close friend was very involved in high school. Of course, this is a lot of achievements, but she also did not have a lot of competition coming from a school with a graduating class of one hundred and fifty. 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By y. c. pong Introduction: When you heat an egg, the egg white clump together and turned white. It is because the protein in egg white undergoes denaturation, the cross linkage(the hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphride bonds) which maintain the protein shape destructed, so protein lose its tertiary conformation. This denaturing process is very important, because before protein can be used in digestion they must be unfolded. Part A: denaturation of egg white Aim: To examine the factors on the effect of denaturation of egg white. Principle: As protein denaturation can be cause by several factors such as temperature, pH, salt concentration. In this experiment, we are examining how these factors affect the denaturation of protein. We use egg white, which is actually a solution of protein in water in this experiment. After the egg white had been dilute, the egg white solution can be put in 60? C and 80? C water bath to test for how temperature affects denaturation. Contents Executive summary2 Structure of the Report4 A little about Pret4 Target Customers of Pret in Hong Kong5 Needs of Target Customers5 Positioning Strategy5 SWOT Analysis6 Good Strategy: Location amp; Store layout7 Store layout7 Characteristics of the Site8 Characteristics of the trading area9 Bad Strategy: Narrow Target Market9 Recommendation10 Benefits12 Conclusion12 Appendix15 References16 Structure of the Report This report will first briefly introduce Pret and its product offerings. We also look into the target market of Pret, recognizing the needs of the target group and how it all fits with the positioning strategy. To analyze the company’s strategies in depth, we will do a SWOT analysis. One good and bad strategy used in the operation will also be discussed. Lastly, we will provide practical solutions and suggestions to help improve Pret’s business model. A little about Pret Pret A Manger is an internationally famous grab-and-go shop which offers sandwiches, filled baguettes, soup, juices, yoghurt, salad and desserts. It was founded by two university students of Polytechnic of Central London, Sinclair Beecham and Julian Metcalfe in 1986. The name ‘Pret A Manger’ (ready to eat) was stemmed from the phrase ‘Pret a porter’ which means ready-to-wear. By using the French name, the founders hoped to convey the idea of quality food and exquisiteness is being served to their customers. This was not the only French influence that has the founders inspired. They have also modeled their operation similar to the form of ‘traiteur’, which is a catering business that designed for take-out food. Their sandwiches are considered ‘premium’, as their menu is made up of natural preservative-free ingredients to cater to customers looking for quality and health benefits. Therefore, Pret stores are normally found near the train stations of affluent areas such as the central business districts where people can conveniently buy a healthy meal. These are places where there will be more of their target consumers. The company relies on its positive word-of-mouth. Thus, it does not have any advertisement or promotional activities that it carries out. Target Customers of Pret in Hong Kong In Hong Kong, Pret targets business men and women who are health-conscious and are exposed to international working environments, namely Central, Admiralty and Causeway Bay. Most of them would be between 22 to 50 years old who are highly educated as the majority would hold at least a Bachelor degree. As a result of their high education, many are also environmentally conscious. With the above criteria, the target audience in HK consists mainly of expatriate workers and white collar adults of middle to upper class who associate themselves with having a western-influenced lifestyle. Interestingly, at the weekend, there are other groups of people such as tourists and young families, students and even elderly replaces Pret’s ‘normal’ customers. Needs of Target Customers The target group looks for fresh and convenient food which can be quickly grabbed off the shelf to the cashier and consumed instantly. They also have corporate values where they are aware and emphasize the practice and importance of social responsibility such as being environmentally friendly. In order to satisfy their needs, Pret makes food that is free of obscure chemicals, additives and preservatives, and freshly made on the day. Also, its packaging is normally labeled as recycled and/or recyclable and the unsold food will be donated to local charities. Stores are found near to commercial buildings as well as MTR stations in the central business districts which provide convenience to the customers. Positioning Strategy Pret’s mission statement positions itself as ‘Creating handmade, natural food, avoiding the obscure chemicals, additives and preservatives common to much of the prepared and fast food on the market today. and has vowed themselves to ‘offers great service to business workers in big cities’. Pret emphasizes the use of natural ingredients and sets itself up as offering high quality, fresh, healthy and often organic food, serving its customers including the vegetarians. It is widely-known that all their sandwiches are made on the day of purchase at each store. This gives them an edge over their competitors, because consumers valued this practice greatly as it reinforces the concept of being healthy. The very simple, clean and modern design of the shop reflects the cosmopolitan background of the target customers. In order to synchronize with customers in terms of shared values, Pret incorporates sustainability and social responsibility into its business practice. One example is to ensure all of their source is traceable and has high level of animal welfare in collaboration with suppliers. Pret’s positioning quickly allowed itself to be seen as radical and different and over the years established itself as a notable brand image across the world. SWOT Analysis Strength: Good location Almost all stores are located inside major business buildings such as Taikoo Place and The Center. The location enables Pret to reach its target customers very effectively. Weakness: Narrow target market The target customers of Pret are business people working in central business districts. Therefore, the customer base of Pret is quite limited, increasing the risk of over reliance on a single market. Opportunity: New target market Although they mainly focus on white-collar workers, it is observed that there are customers from other segments during weekends such as, tourists and young family visiting the store. Therefore, Pret can consider expanding its business to target new markets. Threat: Competition Although Pret differentiates itself in providing fresh and it still faces certain degree of intense competition from other direct competitors such as Oliver’s Super Sandwiches and indirect competitor such as Subway. Good Strategy: Location amp; Store layout Pret has 323 stores in 4 countries, namely in UK, France, US and Hong Kong. Since Pret is a privately-owned company so it is very careful in selecting a suitable location to target on affluent business people. Hence, they are found mainly in the capitals or prosperous business centers like London, Paris and Washington. In Hong Kong, there are 13 branches, with 11 located in the central business districts like Central, Wan Chai and Causeway Bay in the Hong Kong Island. The other 2 branches are located in Kung Tong (APM) and Kowloon (Elements). The location of Pret helps with its growth and expansion because the chosen locations are convenient and have offices nearby where many business people can be attracted. Store layout The design of Pret’s stores helps differentiate from its competitors. Often, there are none or only a few tables and chairs for customers to dine in as the target group is busy, particularly in the morning that they will prefer taking away the food and eat in their offices which is consistent with its â€Å"grab amp; go† concept. The store layout helps to attract passerby because of its clean design with pictures featuring the delicious food items on the wall. In every Pret stores, fridges are situated on the periphery of the stores so that the view of the store will not be blocked. Pedestrians can easily see what food is available and be attracted to purchase. Also, customers have to walk pass the fridges in order to pay for their food. During that time, they are exposed to other food items and may want to make further purchase. Characteristics of the Site 1. Flexible Opening Hours (Exhibit A) As Pret locates in major business buildings and offices, such as the IFC and HSBC Commercial Building, Pret can be benefited from the crowd of business people during weekdays when they have to work. Since nearby offices have different working hours and some may be closed on both Saturday and Sunday, Pret’s branches have different working hours and some may also be closed at the weekend, like the branch in City Bank Plaza (Central). The flexibility of the opening hours helps Pret to satisfy the target customers and save operation costs at the same time. 2. Highly accessible location Also, the stores are very close to MTR station, in addition, public transportations and parking spaces are close by. For instance, Pret has stores right at the Central and Admiralty MTR stations and other stores very close to the MTR exits. Since the carrying capacity of MTR can reach 70000 an hour during peak hours and 4. 12 million per day, locating near to MTR stations can increase the foot traffic of Pret. As business people are rushing to their workplace particularly in the morning, they can conveniently shop at Pret. For the public transportations, buses, mini-buses, trains and even ferries are available because there are major bus terminus and piers like Admiralty Bus Public Transport Interchange and Central Ferry Pier. Altogether, the public transport system in Hong Kong can carry 12 million per day which would bring in a lot of foot traffic to the surrounding area. Characteristics of the trading area 1. Nearby the entrance in high-end shopping malls Pret is mainly located in the upscale shopping malls in the business districts. Often, you will see Pret right next to the entrance. For example, in IFC, Pret is located at the area where people must cross Pret before they can get to the Exchange Square surrounded by many luxurious stores selling expensive clothes and cuisine, like Edible Arrangements. In the trading area, there are fast-food outlets and bakeries available, like McDonald and Kee Wah Bakery who sell at a price that is below forty dollars per person. Pret, in fact, is the only grab and go store providing American food within the price range of $40 to $100. This position allows Pret to be the intermediaries between the premium stores and the low end of the catering industry, therefore satisfying customers’ desire to have food with moderate quality. Bad Strategy: Narrow Target Market Through our observation (Exhibit B), we have noticed that Pret’s practice of serving the business segment as the sole customers brings a lot of drawbacks as there are many potential customers for Pret but they are currently being ignored. In the IFC Mall outlet, the majority of the customers were not to be considered in the category of the business segment as we have seen young families with toddlers, tourists, students and even some elderly couples who had spent as short as 15 minutes and close to an hour of their afternoon in the shop of Pret. This trend was consistent with what we saw at the Central MTR outlet as many casual clothed individuals aged varied from 20s to 60s entered the shop. Although there are potential large number of customers to be explored by Pret but there might be a small factor that is preventing the full penetration of the market as we noticed that the majority of the workers at the cashier counter were ethnic minorities and they mainly communicated with the customers in English. This would discourage those who are interested but are afraid to enter as they have insufficient amount of English and confidence to order. We understand that there are limitations to our suggestion of bad strategy as there are no secondary supporting data but as Pret has a relatively low awareness in terms of publicity so there are only a few reviews and opinions on the Internet that we can look into. As many stores of Pret are located in the central business districts which have little traffic at the weekends as most companies do not operate. On one hand it is logical to shut down for the weekends but this is losing a potentially large amount of revenue not to mention that the rent Pret pays is especially high and also the lack of operation in the weekend doubles the operational cost for Pret. Recommendation As Pret is currently practicing the narrow segment targeting, the objective of our recommendation would be to expand the target market so that Pret could enjoy an increase in revenue. From our observation, the customers of Pret vary during the week. At the weekdays, the customers consist solely of business people who fancy grab-and-go food and coffee whom have been targeted by Pret very successfully. However, there is a large, diversified customer group that replaces the business segment in the weekend. They are the tourists, young families with toddlers, secondary and university students and even the elderly. All of them prefer to dine in and chat while they are having a bite in contrast to Pret’s normal customers. For the short term expansion, in order to attract the ‘weekend’ customers, we propose that Pret should redesign special sets into their menus and employ more local people for the branches at high-end mall namely the stores in IFC and Elements. The special sets should include a food, drink and dessert for one person, meals for three to four people as well as a kid menu. The different size of set in the menu should appeal to different types of customer in addition to a wider range of its fresh food. Although most customers have basic English level, they may not be comfortable to speak in English. This discourages the potential customers to shop in it. Therefore, it is suggested that Pret can employ more local people who can speak both Cantonese and English, hoping to attract these customers as well. In the future, Pret can look to open up its business by serving a different segment of market in full time. This can be achieved by using sub-branding, in which the customers of the new stores would be tourists and families who have high-purchasing power. It can also support the health-conscious families who want a healthy food for their kids. The interior design of the new stores should have a more relaxed setting which encourages the customers to dine in and spend sometimes in it having a chat. These stores would be located in the ‘honeypots’ which are the popular tourists attractions, for example, Stanley, Discovery Bay and Sai Kung to name a few. The chosen location ensures the high traffic flow especially with international people, as it is a tourist attraction as well as being a destination for a family outing. The new store would also be more service-oriented as meals would be brought over to the table after being ordered at the counter. This allows Pret to practice its current positioning whilst serving a larger segment market to customers who share similar ‘laid-back’ style. Also, being in places where there would be numerous international people helps Pret to promote itself without much of advertising as they would be accustomed to the name and style of the shops. They would also be likely to choose Pret for their lunches as it is a cultural habit to have sandwiches at lunch. Benefits The reason we have chosen to do sub-branding is because Pret can continue to serve its primary target market, the business segment and will not have to compromise its positioning in the consumers mind. Also, we believe Pret can achieve success just like the Mark amp; Spencer’s practice of sub-branding. Mamp;S has divided its clothing lines into many brands, such as the ‘Indigo Collection’ for women’s casual wear, and the ‘Autograph’ which exhibits sophisticated and a confident style. The sales of both collections boosted 9% and 16% respectively. All in all, we can see that sub-branding can help us successfully in targeting different type of customers and help boost our sales at the same time satisfying the needs of our customers. The practice of sub-branding would allow Pret to expose itself to a larger segment and increases its brand awareness. Sales would also be increased as the new stores would be opened seven days a week with very high traffic flow because of the locations they will be based in. Cost, of course, would be a large consideration for such an expansion. However, we believe that it is not a real concern for Pret. Since the practice of opening new stores is very similar to its existing practice. Therefore, the cost incurred for opening new stores can be reduced greatly. Furthermore, the sub-branding model can provide us with a solid foundation for entering the catering industry in future. Conclusion In conclusion, Pret has a large potential market segment that they can tap into. By targeting a broader market segment based on different demographics by offering set meals, Pret could attract the weekend customers. Also, by opening stores in international-heavy areas, the company can also preserve their consumer base. Finally, with sub-branding, Pret can reach the different market segments effectively. By following the recommendation, we are confident that our plan would help widen their expansion and strengthen their brand familiarity in Hong Kong. Appendix Exhibit A: Schedule Branches| Opening Hours| Lippo Center(Admiralty)| Monday-Friday   07:30- 19:00Saturday   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  08:30-16:30Sunday   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Closed| City Bank Plaza (Central)| Monday-Friday   06:30-19:30Saturday   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ClosedSunday   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Closed| Wan Chai North (Wan Chai)| Monday-Friday   Ã‚  07:30- 19:00Saturday   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11:00-16:00Sunday   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Closed| Exhibit B: Observation Time: 1600-1900 Date: 4th May 2013 (Saturday) Location: Central MTR branch amp; IFC branch of Pret Time spent: 1 hour in Central MTR branch and 2 hours in IFC branch Central MTR Branch: It is noticed that there were mainly two types of people that entered Pret. The first type of people were those that went inside the store and bought something to eat, and were out of the store within 90 seconds. Whereas the other group of people, went inside the store, but just looked around and did not buy anything. IFC Branch: Similarly, in the IFC Mall outlet, it is observed that people who bought something to eat, either opted to ‘take-away’ their meal, or even if they stayed behind to eat what they have bought, it only took them 10-15 minutes inside the store. It is thought that Pret only caters to white collar workers who are looking for something healthy and convenient to eat but actually, there were other types of customers purchasing food at Pret. Instead of those workers, we saw many other groups of people entering Pret, such as young families with toddlers, tourists, students and also some elderly couples. Similarities between the two outlets: The majority of the workers at the cashier counter were ethnic minorities and they mainly communicated with the customers in English. Limitations of the Observation carried out 1. Since our observation was carried out only for 3 hours and in 2 locations, the data collected might not be sufficient and representative enough. 2. Assumptions in the â€Å"Bad Strategy† were mainly based on the observation; therefore it might consist of some errors. 3. Since Pret is a privately-owned company, there is not much secondary information found on internet to support our observations. References http://www. telegraph. co. uk/foodanddrink/9129410/Smiley-culture-Pret-A-Mangers-secret-ingredients. html http://www. bighospitality. co. uk/Trends-Reports/Pret-A-Manger-remains-most-admired-brand http://www. Pret. com. hk/find_a_Pret/ http://www. Pret. com. hk/about_us/about_food. htm http://www. olivers-supersandwiches. com/branch_info. php http://subway. com. hk/layouts/page_restaurant_locator. html http://www. olivers-supersandwiches. com/sandwich. php http://subway. com. hk/layouts/page_menu_index. html http://www. Pret. com. hk/find_a_Pret/ http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Pret_a_Manger http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-19568/McDonalds-takes-slice-Pret. html http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2001/feb/01/globalisation. foodanddrink http://www. yelp. com/biz/Pret-a-manger-new-york-5 http://www. yelp. com/biz/Pret-a-manger-boston-2 http://ecosalon. com/behind-the-label-Pret-a-manger/ http://corporate. marksandspencer. com/documents/publications/2012/annual_report _2012 http://corporate. marksandspencer. com/documents/publications/2012/annual_report_2012 http://www. ifc. com. hk/en/mall/floorplan. jsp

Utility Essay Example For Students

Utility Essay Utility: An Impartial and Equitable StandpointThe foundation of Utility is based on John Stuart Mill’s notion that one must strive to act in such a way to produce the greatest good of the greatest number. Utility itself relies on the responsibility of the individual to remain impartial in his endeavor to produce the greatest good, looking past such extrinsic influences that may render the individual to seek a biased sense of satisfaction. In order for Utility to function as Mill wanted it to, honest judgment and objectivity must be an essential part of one’s drive for the acquisition of the greatest good. We will write a custom essay on Utility specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In order for the insistence that equity and impartiality to hold true to Mill’s Utility, we must find a foundation from within his argumentation that will support it. Thus we turn to Mill’s sanctions, or incentives that he proposes to drive one towards the path of Utility. Mill’s first sanction, the internal sanction, leads one to act ethically because of the fear of displeasure that might arise from other people if one does not act in this manner. Mill justifies that individuals desire the warmness of others as an incentive to acting unselfishly in the attempt to acquire the greatest good, and fear the dissatisfaction of others. Mill’s second sanction, the internal sanction, is in essence an individual’s inner conscience. With the assumption that the conscience is pure and free from corruption, Mill implies that satisfaction is brought forth to the conscience when one successfully and ethically commits to one’s duties, the duty of Utility. W hat is undesired is the feeling of dissatisfaction that spawns when one does not act dutifully. In order for this rationale to make sense, one must do what is almost unavoidable when propositioning such an enormous concept such as the ethical standard of morality, and that is to presuppose, In almost all forms and interpretations of morality, there has been the presupposition that takes place to initialize the concept. Mill’s Utilitarianism presupposes that human beings do have a concept for general well being, and that is genuinely by nature good and willfully ethical. It is this generalization that spawns for these sanctions that he has addressed, and it is the role of the good nature of man that determines the worth of his actions. This is also the pivot in Mill’s mechanics that is probably most argued upon. Kant, Neibhor, and Plato would have had much to say on Mill’s assumption of the natural goodness of mankind and his given instinct to do good. If imparti ality and equity are what good will and duty bring forth, Mill has provided a basis within utilitarianism that reinforces this. Aside from distinct sanctions, many other aspects of Utility lead to the notion that impartiality and equity are set boldly within the framework of Mill’s interpretation. According to Mill, all people are, ethically speaking, equal in all situations. When considering the value of happiness from one individual to another, the issue is proposed to be a straight line representing the equality the value from individual to individual. One person’s happiness is just as important as another’s. With this in mind, there is no such reason to even consider a biased view on the distribution of happiness, for in the beholder’s eyes, it is nothing but equal. Utility also states that the greater number that acquires happiness is most desired, so there is no real reason to consider any other way to distribute it but evenly. A biased approach would prove inefficient, and with the concept in mind that Mill is only concerned with the results of ones actions, not the intentio n, it would only make sense to be impartial. How is impartiality and equity in utility possible? First and foremost, are no ethical principles that are agreed on by everyone, but there is a distinct level of agreement as to what is right and what is wrong. Among the obvious are the notions that generosity, equality, and truthfulness are right, and this supports the presupposition that Mill makes about the good -nature of human morality. Thus impartiality and equity can be argued to pervade Utility. Second, the person who seeks to distribute happiness to only a certain group or type

Time for My Online MBA Essays

Time for My Online MBA Essays Time for My Online MBA Essay Time for My Online MBA Essay I am not what you would call an atypical woman, especially these days. I am married, I have two children who are in elementary school, I work full time, and spend the bulk of my remaining time running here and there between doctor appointments, school functions, and the variety of other activities that take place for us on a weekly basis. Of course, my last priority – which is often the same for women everywhere – is myself. And so when I recently began toying with the idea of going back to school, I mostly pushed it to the back of my mind; doubting that I would able to swing the schedule that would be necessary to pull off such a feat. But that was before I learned about online degree programs. Sure, I’m on the computer every day – just like everyone else. I knew there was a smattering of programs available for going to school â€Å"online.† But I just assumed that was the last resort; the only option for someone who was unable to be accepted to a â€Å"regular† school. But I was wrong. Having done a lot of research lately in finding a way to juggle my schedule and still earn my MBA (the program I was committed to doing), I learned that a majority of highly ranked, completely reputable colleges and universities (many of which also offer traditional degree programs on their campus) offer online programs including an online MBA, online IT degree, and even a Masters in Education, among others. Not only is the online MBA program that I’m considering just the same as the program I would be doing if I attended campus, it allows me to do what I need to do without sacrificing my current work and family needs. I’m starting my online MBA program next month and I’m really excited. Now I’ll be able to logon at night and on weekends to complete my reading and schoolwork – and still be able to keep up with my other responsibilities.

5 Online Courses on Advanced PowerPoint Training

5 Online Courses on Advanced PowerPoint Training 5 Online Courses on Advanced PowerPoint Training Advanced PowerPoint training is important for college students. However, finding the right course is equally essential because you actually need to learn some useful skills. Below you can find the list of 5 online courses that will help you to learn the ropes of the key advanced PowerPoint features: Microsoft PowerPoint Course by Virtual Training Company With this training, students can learn to create presentations, edit presentations and collaborate on them no matter where they are. Students can make their ideas really shine when they integrate various fonts and themes for their presentations, incorporate animations, and even in bed videos. PowerPoint provides students with multiple templates for different reports, portfolios and educational presentations that they have to make. Eye-Catching Presentations Using PowerPoint by Udemy With this course, students can look over different templates from other users and they can create new presentations from anywhere even if they dont have an Internet connection by way of using their phone, tablet, or computer. Students can work collectively at the same time on a single PowerPoint slide. PowerPoint 2016 (Office 365) by Learn IT Anytime This particular training is great for students who are more advanced in their PowerPoint familiarity. Students who are tasked with preparing a handful of slides which they will contribute to a larger group presentation can all work together on the same presentation document. They can collaborate in real-time, make edits, keep track of their edits and revisions, and communicate with other users while they are doing it. All of the changes which are made are sorted by date and by the person who made the different changes so any reviews versions of the same presentation can be viewed by every user. Beginner to Pro in PowerPoint by Udemy Students who need specialized training for a certain class, say, in finance or business, can learn all about the different charts and graph features available to presenting data. If one student is using PowerPoint for their contribution to the group project, it can be opened by other students, edited, and saved to the presentation. In addition to this, students can present their final work without a huge set up. PowerPoint is supported by almost any device in the classroom. Microsoft PowerPoint Course by Alison With this training, students will learn to use shortcuts, templates, and all of the inbuilt features of the program. Students and teachers can insert images and videos into the presentation which are relevant to the demonstration of their knowledge and subject, and all of this information can be published within a website. This extends far beyond the classroom and allows administrators and teachers alike to create presentations and then post them to a classroom or academic institution webpage that is created through the same Google applications. This information might be something applicable to the student body, to a department, or to a classroom individually. In the end, PowerPoint functions as a presentation application which allows students and teachers to show off the work that theyve completed in a very visually appealing manner. This way students, teachers, and administrators alike can create presentations and edit them as they prefer. They can edit existing presentations with friends, peers, or coworkers, and share an existing presentation with one another in an effortless fashion. Users can import PowerPoint files of any format and convert them to a presentation. All presentations can be downloaded as a presentation format using a PDF, PowerPoint, JPEG, or text file. Overall, you can always contact professional PowerPoint presentation writing services provided by our company.

Aerobic Respiration of germinating and non-germinating peas Lab Report

Aerobic Respiration of germinating and non-germinating peas - Lab Report Example It entailed the use of 25 germinating seeds and 25 non-germinating seeds of peas. The non-germinating seeds were used as a control experiment in the study. Its aim was to prove that respiration is a major process in the germination of seeds with CO2 as its byproduct. 25 germinating peas were obtained and dried between two pieces of paper towel. A thermometer was used to measure room temperature which was recorded in table1. The germinating peas were placed in the respiration chamber and a shaft of CO2 gas sensor placed in the opening of the chamber. After one minute carbon dioxide concentration was measured continuously for 5 minutes and results recorded. After 5 minutes, the CO2 gas sensor was removed and the peas placed in a 100 ml beaker full of cold water and an ice cube. Air was then channeled into the CO2 gas sensor for one minute through the probe shaft openings. The respiration chamber was then filled with water then emptied and dried thoroughly on the inside with a paper towel. The rate of respiration was then determined by moving the mouse pointer to the point where data values began to increase. The mouse pointer was then drugged with the left mouse button held down to the end of the data then released. The linear fit button was then clicked to perform a linear regression. The slope of the line was then recorded in table 2as m which is the rate of respiration for germinating peas at room temperature. The data was then moved to a stored run by choosing the store latest run from the experiment menu. There after 25 non-germinating peas were obtained and placed in the respiration chamber and the procedure repeated for the non-germinating peas. From the beginning before one minute elapsed immediately germinating peas placed in the respiration chamber and CO2 sensor placed, it was noted that the concentration of CO2 began to increase in smaller margin. After the one count, Co2 concentration

A Little Labor Knowledge Could Go a Long Way for HR as Unions Push Essay

A Little Labor Knowledge Could Go a Long Way for HR as Unions Push Into Private Sector - Essay Example 5. Secondary issue(s): The need for organizations to apprise themselves on current labor laws stemmed from the thrust of the National Labor Relations Board to familiarize themselves on the National Labor Relations Act which incorporates rights of the employees both in union and nonunion places. Further, current issues that emerged focusing on social media and â€Å"whether employer crackdowns on its use by employees venting about their job violates the National Labor Relations Act† (Pyrillis, 2011, par. 5). 6. Relationship of primary article discussion to this course (Strategic Planning & Implementation): The article discussed issues pertinent to the need for contemporary organizations to revert to giving significance in the role of industrial relations and labor laws. Upon closer evaluation, the article’s discussion is related in scope to the Strategic Planning and Implementation course in terms of anticipating changes in the external environment and assuming a more pr oactive than a reactive stance. As learned from the module, â€Å"strategic planning is a step by step process with definite objectives and end products that can be implemented and evaluated. Very simply, it is a process by which we look into the future, paint a picture of that future based on current trends, and influence the forces that will affect us† (Ahoy, 1998). 7. ... d to incorporate knowledge of current labor laws and industrial relations in anticipation of future trends that see the increasing importance of these functions in human relations management. In the article written by Lieberman (2010), she stressed that through effective application of strategic planning process, organizational success can be ensured. She enumerated six steps in the strategic planning process, to wit: â€Å"1. Identify the problem; 2. Outlining the process for developing appropriate strategies; 3. Establishing success criteria; 4. Brainstorm, prioritize, and select viable strategies; 5. Articulate clear, measurable action plans; and 6. Define ways to measure progress and success† (Lieberman, 2010, p. 1). As these appears to be a standard planning process, the differentiating factors emerge as the organizations’ ability to design appropriate strategies given the identified problems and in line with their mission and goals. Linking this discourse to the p rimary article, it can be deduced that lessons from stategic planning courses emphasize the need to look into the future so that the design of strategies would incorporate future trends and therefore the proactive stance is effectively implemented. The article written by Powell (1992) aimed to establish the link between strategic planning and financial performance. As averred, various studies have already published findings that enumerate the benefits of strategic planning in terms of directly improving economic value through generation of information; â€Å"it ensures a through consideration of all feasible options, it forces the firm to evaluate its environment, it stimulates new ideas, it increases motivation and commitment, it enhances internal communication and interaction, and it has symbolic value

Interpreting Financial Results Essay Example for Free

Interpreting Financial Results Essay Targets mission is for their customer to except the most out of them and to pay less for their products. They plan to achieve this by delivering outstanding values, continuous innovation and exceptional guest experiences. As I have research and interpret Targets Financial Results, I was able to identify some trends they have experiences within the last three years. When it comes to Targets Liquidity Ratio, the pattern shows that from 2011 to 2013 they start up went down and slowly went back up. As for their Efficiency Ratio the trend identifies that from 2011 to 2013 they were still starting high then dropping low and slowly coming back up. Now when it comes to the Leverage Ratio Targets has continuous increase for 2011 to 2013 with just a little decrease in some areas and this also goes for the Profitability Ratio, Market Value Indicator soon. I also had the opportunity to compare the financial results of Target with their benchmarking company Walmart. Once I review Walmarts financial results, I saw some of the same trends target had. I also notice that Walmart has a lot more revenue being generated then what Target does. I have attached a financial ratio sheet which will also confirm and identify the trends of both Target and Walmart.

Othello - Honest Iago :: essays research papers fc

In the play Othello the most interesting character is Iago, who is commonly called and known as "Honest Iago." Ironically, this could not be farther from the truth. Through some carefully thought-out words and actions, Iago is able to manipulate others to do things in a way that benefits and moves him closer to his own goals. He is smart and an expert at judging the characters of others. Because of this, Iago pushes everyone to their tragic end. Iago wants vengeance on Othello so he targets his wife Desdemona. He slowly poisons people’s thoughts so they have distorted perceptions of reality, without them even knowing he did such a thing. In reality, Desdemona is quite an outspoken woman for her time. She pleas for Othello to have Cassio around so her husband can have good, solid protection. This aides Iago as he uses it against her. He starts by casually mentioning to Othello that he himself is a bit suspicious of Cassio and Desdemona. He carries on gradually, ensuring that Othello can fully trust him every step of the way. I hope you will consider what is spoke Comes from my love. But I do see you’re moved. I am to pray you not to strain my speech To grosser issues nor to larger reach Than to suspicion (III iii 231-235). He even says himself that the advice he gives is free and honest so Othello won’t consider that he is just being fooled. Iago’s plan of deception centered around Othello’s jealously over Desdemona. The whole time, Othello holds Iago to be his close friend and advisor. Iago knows that the icing on the cake must be some sort of visual proof. He has his wife Emilia steal Desdemona’s handkerchief and give it to him. Iago then plants it in Cassio’s room to imply that Desdemona must have given it to him. This â€Å"proves† to it to Othello. After hearing Iago stack up the cards high against Desdemona, Othello is enraged and sure that she must be having an affair with Cassio. Now Othello’s reaction to the whole mess is that he wants to kill Desdemona. Iago’s deceitful plan is continuing smoothly. Desdemona’s reputation of being unfaithful leads to her downfall. When she denies the scam that Iago put against her, Othello doesn’t even believe her. Near the beginning of the play, after Othello marries Desdemona, her own father, Barbantio, warns Othello. Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see. She has deceived her father, and may thee (I iii 292-293). Since she lied to her father about her marriage to Othello, people believe that

CHief Matenge’s Character Sketch Essay

This assignment is based on Bessie Head’s classic novel, When Rain Clouds Gather. It gives an assessment of one of the novel’s main characters, Chief Matenge and in the process exposes him as an undoubtedly corrupt leader. This is supported by the many intertwined facts and quotations that portray his character as such a leader and these are selected and presented from the novel. Byrne, Kalua, Scheepers and Kane (2012:100) provide the foundation for the reader’s agreement that Chief Matenge is a corrupt leader which in turn shapes the whole negative perspective of his personality when they describe him as representing the â€Å"Old Africa† at its worst – moral degeneration. Going through the whole novel the reader struggles and eventually loses the battle in finding anywhere where any positive notions are associated with Chief Matenge. Bryne et al (2012:100) present Matenge as a â€Å"villain, a bad person who is openly corrupt†. He is indubitably the antagonist and the opposer of Gilbert Balfour and Makhaya who generally stand for good in the name of progress and development in the novel. Head (1987:18) introduces Chief Matenge as Paramount Chief Sekoto’s â€Å"troublesome and unpopular younger brother†. This already gives the reader an idea of what sort of personality Chief Matenge has. This description of him sets the tone in the whole novel as he is further described using such adjectives and phrases as â€Å"overwhelming avariciousness† and â€Å"unpleasant personality†, (Head 1987:18). It soon becomes apparent that Chief Matenge’s brother, Paramount Chief Sekoto does not like his own brother, as the statement â€Å"nothing upset Chief Sekoto more than a visit from his brother, whom he had long classified as belonging to the insane part of mankind† (Head 1987:48) clearly displays. Paramount Chief Sekoto is said to have always sided with villagers who his brother constantly upset. Head (1987:18) presents Matenge as having a â€Å"devil† that drove him and would subside after some chastising from Chief Sekoto only to awaken its â€Å"clamouring and howling† a few months later. Matenge’s wickedness is further unfolded in the wish of Chief Sekoto to destroy him for â€Å"all the family feuds and intrigues he had instigated† (Head 1987:20). Ironically, Paramount Chief Sekoto was not what one would call a shining example of morality. Chief Sekoto, â€Å"although he was widely known as a good chief† (Head 1987:19) just like his brother Matenge â€Å"lived off the slave labour of the poor and his lands were ploughed free of charge by the poor, and he was washed, bathed and fed by the poor† (Head 1987:19). In turn Matenge also strongly despised his brother Paramount Chief Sekoto. Head (1987:42) discloses this when she reveals his thoughts about his brother who he secretly thought was â€Å"an amicable, pleasant nitwit of a brother in the supreme position. Matenge coveted is brother’s position of Paramount Chief. Matenge is referred to as â€Å"evil† countless times in the novel. Dinorego further exposes this evilness or corruptness when he confides in Makhaya that he (Matenge) was the evil force delaying progress in the village. Dinorego reveals Matenge’s machinations to â€Å"damage† and â€Å"delay† the starting of the farm and the cattle co-operative which are projects that are supposed to push development in the village. Matenge is said to have particularly sabotaged Gilbert Balfour on the cattle co-operative because he was personally benefitting from buying the poor villagers’ cattle at a low price and making huge profits by then selling them at a much higher price. Matenge took advantage of the poor villagers’ inability to hire railway trucks to transport their own cattle because they could not afford it. Matenge fought Gilbert Balfour’s cattle co-operative because it would put him out of business. Matenge’s falsehoods and cunningness are clearly portrayed when he lies to the villagers that Gilbert wanted to enslave them, â€Å"Was it true they wanted to know, that Gilbert had secretly purchased land from the paramount Chief and was using the name co-operative to enslave the people? That was what Chief Matenge had told them† (Head 1987:35). The reader would not hesitate to label Matenge as greedy and selfish. Head (1987:41) reveals that Matenge lived alone (before Joas Tsepe joined him) in a â€Å"big cream-painted mansion†. The other villagers are said to have lived in small and primitive mud huts and were in fact not allowed to build brick houses without permission from the Chief which was rarely given, if at all. Head (1987:41) goes on to mention that the central village where Matenge’s mansion was situated contained â€Å"one very poor general dealer’s shop which supplied the villagers with the â€Å"bare necessities† like sugar, tea and â€Å"cheap materials and shoes† among other items. The location of Matenge’s â€Å"big mansion† was also in proximity to a â€Å"three-roomed shack† which serves as the village primary school. The jarring contrast of Matenge’s seemingly luxurious life style and his surroundings nauseates the reader and speaks loudly of his greediness and selfishness. The reader can safely accuse Matenge of being a tribalist. Byrne et al (1987:100) describe tribalism as the practice of advancing one’s own tribe above others and judging other people on the basis of their tribal origins. Matenge is described as a â€Å"die hard traditionalist† (Head 1987:42). He wanted things to remain the same. He is said to have understood tribalism and that it was â€Å"essentially the rule of the illiterate man who when he was in the majority, feared and despised anything that was not a part of the abysmal darkness in which he lived†. (Head 1987:65) further portrays his disgust for other tribes when he is said to have dismissed Dinorego’s greeting at some point with a â€Å"slight gesture of the head which contained in it an inheritance of centuries of contempt for the ordinary man. † His shaky and opportunistic relationship with Joas Tsepe is another revelation of Matenge’s lopsided and corrupt character. Joas Tsepe was also corrupt and this is revealed in the sponsor that was shrouded in mystery who supplied him with money which enabled him to remain unemployed and to travel every six months by air as a very important person. Matenge also has xenophobic tendencies. His wish to chase Makhaya out of the village very much smelt of this. This is revealed when George Apple-by confides in Makhaya that Matenge wants him â€Å"removed† from the village because he is a refugee. Refugees were generally not liked in Botswana at the time of the book’s setting when many came from South Africa running away from Apartheid, but Matenge’s particular hatred for Makhaya as a refugee and all like him comes out when he referred to him as a â€Å"South African swine who always needs to run after his master† (Head 1987:66), referring to Makhaya’s close association with Gilbert Balfour. To say Makhaya was thoroughly offended by this is an understatement for unbeknown to Matenge, he secretly formed thoughts of murdering him. In conclusion Head (1987:43) could not have summed up Chief Matenge’s character better when she described him as â€Å"the epitome of darkness with his long gloomy, melancholy, suspicious face and his ceaseless intrigues, bitter jealousy and hatred†. Makhaya also equates him to several unsavoury items such as a â€Å"lout, cheat, dog and swine and he reckoned the â€Å"Matenges everywhere got themselves into a position over the poor† (Head 1987:136) The reader agrees with Mma Millipede when she quietly but unsuspectingly accurately predicts Chief Matenge’s demise. She tries to calm Makhaya after his dramatic encounter with Chief Matenge where he is labeled a South African swine and says, â€Å"People who err against human life like our Chief and the white man (referring to Apartheid in South Africa) do so only because they are more blind than others to the mystery of life. Some time life will catch up with them and put them away for good or change them† (Head 169:137). In Chief Matenge’s case, he was unlucky to not suffer the later of these predictions, but the former. After he comes back from a rather long absence from the village, he immediately gets back to what he knows best and summons Pauline and six village elders to be tried. Unbeknown to him, the whole village was excited that the day had arrived that they would face their â€Å"persecutor of many years† (Head 169:184). Because Matenge was not expecting a crowd, he panics, retreats into the house, and rather than facing the crowd, commits suicide, and the reader discovers another hidden character that was lurking in Matenge all along, cowardice. Not even his servants stand by him at his time of need; they beat a hasty retreat and leave him to deal with his issues alone and his eyes are opened and perhaps he finally sees himself for the monster that he is. The saddest part is not even his brother is quiet disappointed by his demise. Chief Sekoto’s digestion is said to have been â€Å"upset the whole day† by Matenge’s death, Head (1987:189). The reader is sure it is not because he is grieving for his brother but he is unappreciative of the fuss and inconvenience that the death causes. Such is the fate of the antagonist of When rain clouds gather. The reader applauds Bessie Head on successfully creating a fitting villain who one cannot help but hate. SOURCES CONSULTED Byrne, D, Kalua, F & Scheepers, R. 2012. Foundations in English Literary Studies. Only study Guide for ENG1501. Pretoria: University of South Africa Head, B. 1987. When Rain Clouds Gather. Heinemann.

Apple Powerbook Case Write-Up

After the failed release of Apple’s first miniaturized computer, the Portable, the company was faced with the likelihood of losing significant ground in the mobile computing market if it didn’t bring a product to market at record speed. Apple had anticipated the Portable would be competitive enough to maintain market share until its longer term â€Å"Companion† project was complete. However, thirty-six months remained until Companion would be ready. Weak sales coupled with Compaq introducing the far superior LTE notebook created intense pressure to bring a product to market in the next 18 months that could serve as a placeholder until the Companion arrived. Bringing a product to market this quickly was no easy task. The new portable needed to be small and compact, yet the short timeline meant only existing technologies would be available. If that was not challenging enough, the company culture was such that most products had a time-to-market of 48 months and involved a slow bureaucratic process with multiple departments needing to sign-on for each decision. Additionally, Apple still had not fully confronted the notion that their desktop core competencies were not necessarily going to translate into success in mobile computing. Despite these long odds, Apple not only prevailed, but created a revolutionary product called the PowerBook that brought in billions of dollars in revenue and revolutionized the conventional wisdom behind the company’s design philosophy. Part of Apple’s struggle in mobile computing stemmed from being the pioneer of desktops. The company felt it knew what the market wanted based on its previous success. It was with the desktop in mind that Apple released the Portable, a mobile computer designed to do everything that a current desktop could do with the added benefit of being able to collapse into a carrying case and be taken on the road. At a staggering 17 pounds and a cost of $5000, the Portable was met with plenty of skepticism and was doomed for failure. The company had simply failed to take the customer’s needs into consideration. Instead of making it smaller and lighter, as the market demanded, Apple focused on functionality and battery life. This contributed to problematic weight and size problems for the machine. The failure to recognize what consumers demanded wasn’t Apple’s only development flaw. They also failed to recognize how quickly technological trends and consumer tastes were changing. The company was still developing products on a three to four year cycle and had yet to embrace a time-to-market philosophy. Instead priorities were still â€Å"time-to-perfection† with the company maintaining that it would not bring anything to market ‘before its time’. Additionally, they still had a desktop mentality, which meant strict design regulations that hindered the development of a sleeker, lighter computer. It was a combination of these factors that led to the failed release of the Portable and created the immediate need to development the PowerBook. As Apple scrambled to assemble the PowerBook team, the project objective was clear; get a mobile computer to market at record speed and keep the size and weight to a minimum. The speed of develop was a major challenge to overcome and it was mainly due to the organizational structure. Apple structured its company by functions and departments. And instead of dedicating specific resources for a project, each department supported all projects. This led to a cumbersome and lengthy decision making process which typically involved project managers struggling to get objectives accomplished. Often times the project manager was relegated in authority and routinely superseded by functional heads with all decisions inevitably at the mercy of the president of Apple Products, John Louis Gassee. Apple realized its current structure lacked the dexterity to meet its time-to-market objective and driven by necessity made several key decisions to secure time-to-market success. First, Apple made the decision to organize the company into separate divisions: desktop and portable. Second, they decentralized engineering and product marketing, with the immediate goal of building a new portable engineering group. Lastly, although their Product and Industrial Design teams remained centralized, it was agreed that personnel from those teams would co-locate for the PowerBook project to ensure everyone was â€Å"breathing the same air and talking the same talk†. Revamping the organization structure was a key step but there were still many missteps and obstacles that nearly derailed the project. One major issue was the allocation of personnel. Despite the intense pressure and importance of the PowerBook, the company still listed the project very low in terms of priority. All of the â€Å"A† talent was dedicated to the Companion project and the PowerBook team was left with either junior level engineers or employees with only desktop computer experience. Inexperience coupled with intense pressure produced multiple mistakes along the way. Design standards were initially poor and prototype builds revealed several critical errors with manufacturing tolerances. All together, a list of 150 items was compiled of issues that the team felt needed to be addressed but it looked unlikely that the time and resources were available to make all the changes. Additionally, the PowerBook team had to overcome intense resistance from its manufacturing department. Manufacturing was accustomed to snap-together desktops and had a very difficult time coming to grips with how they could possibly assemble a portable with 47 screws. The initial reaction from manufacturing was â€Å"we can’t build this thing†. Product verification testing also proved to be treacherous. The deadline was so tight that after the manufacturing process was well underway and thousands of displays were already in inventory the risk was still present that changes may be needed. This would produce a significant waste of resources. Lastly, the PowerBook team was confronted with bringing its new creative, ergonomic design to life, while dealing with size constraints as well as a mechanical engineering team who was on the critical path and working under a â€Å"we’ll do it if we have time† approach. Despite the long list of reasons why the project should have failed, it didn’t. In the midst of all the missteps, Apple made several key decisions which propelled the project to success. One area where Apple thrived was in staffing. Although the engineers lacked experienced, the management involved in the project were innovative, creative, passionate, and practical. They worked tirelessly to make the project a reality and cared very deeply about its success. It was their innovation and tireless effort that slowly caused the project to transform. The team came to the realization that â€Å"a notebook was not a piece of business equipment that someone operated; it was a personal object with which they formed a relationship. † It was this realization that drove the project’s success. The project became not only about size but about ergonomics and about finding a way to form a connection with the user. It was with this approach that ingenious designs such as the center-mouse trackball and the use of curves took hold. Slowly the PowerBook was morphed from a product simply meant to catch-up to the market to something that surpassed any other notebook available. The team also made several other key decisions that made the PowerBook a success. One key determination was to include the internal floppy drive. There was much discussion if this was a necessary component yet key members of the project argued for its inclusion and it was later determined the product would not have been nearly as successful without it. Another key decision was dealing with the 150 issues that were identified after the prototype build. Originally, only 5 to 10 items were going to be changed. However after much discussion, it was determined the PowerBook would not be a success unless they fixed every last issue. To complete such a major overhaul in a short period of time they pulled all resources from the entire portable organization and were able to complete all the modifications in a reasonable amount of time. As one project member later admitted, fixing all 150 items turned the PowerBook into â€Å"something that I would be proud of versus a piece of junk†. One final trait that the PowerBook team used to make the project a success was persuasiveness. There was organizational resistance throughout the project. From convincing senior management to embrace the ergonomic design to convincing manufacturing that they had the ability to assemble a computer with 47 screws, the team used persuasiveness throughout the project to eventually turn a vision into reality. Apple ultimately took a big risk with the PowerBook and it paid tremendous dividends. Along the way they learned a great deal about listening to their customer and designing to their preferences. The company transformed from designing around homogeneous parameters to instead designing to the customer’s specific desires. Consequently, their product line became more flexible and adaptable to the marketplace. Apple also matured operationally during this process. Prior to the PowerBook, the organization was not designed to be time-to-market, however necessity forced Apple to restructure to keep pace with competition. The company’s human capital also benefited heavily. Mobile computer experience was at a minimum prior to the project, however the process eventually led to a much smoother release of the Companion computer several years later. The PowerBook project was fraught with potential disaster. But inevitably the company overcame many adversities and released a revolutionary product that redefined the standard of excellence in mobile computing.

community policing1 essays

community policing1 essays American Me is a harsh look at the "reality" of prison and gang life, especially within the Chicano community. Based on a "true story", American Me traces the life of a Latino crime lord, Santana, from his youth growing up in the barrio of East Los Angeles, through his rise to power behind the walls of Folso Prison. Set against a backdrop of hopelessness and prejudice the movie brutally attempts to portray the continuing cycle of violence inherent within a crime-based life-style. In the end Santana is unable to escape that cycle, dying violently at the hands of his former gang members, while at the same time such violence is given rebirth within the barrio. Santana, played by Edward James Olmos is in prison and looking back at his life, his parent's life, and discovering what his life has become. In the first scene of act one, the viewer is taken back in time to the 1940's to a scene where Santana's parents were beaten and raped by sailors in the streets of Los Angeles, simply because they were "zoot suiters." In the mid-to-late 1950's, where the young Santana and his buddies J.D. and Mundo are introduced. The three young boys make a pact to stay together and be a part of the long tradition gang of their barrio called "La Primera." First, the three boys are sentenced to time in juvenile hall for breaking and entering into a store to escape being chased down by another barrio gang. In juvenile hall they begin feeling superior to other mates when Santana kills a cellmate who rapes him in the middle of the night. Everyone in the prison is proud of Santana and his group. Because of the "respect" that he has earned, Santana and his group begin to feel that they run the show around juvenile hall. Transferred from juvenile hall into Folsom Federal Prison. As Folsom Federal Prison is being shown on the screen, Santana's voice is narrating the movie and he states that drugs is the new way to prove who runs the show. La Primera discovere...

French Verbs That Take Être as Auxiliary Verb

French Verbs That Take Être as Auxiliary Verb An auxiliary verb, or helping verb, is a conjugated verb used in front of another verb in compound tenses in order to indicate the mood and tense of the verb. In French, the auxiliary verb is either avoir or à ªtre. All French verbs are classified by which auxiliary verb they take, and they use the same auxiliary verb in all compound tenses. Most French verbs use avoir, fewer use  Ãƒ ªtre.  The following is a list of verbs (and their derivatives) that require à ªtre: aller  Ã‚  to goarriver  Ã‚  to arrivedescendre  Ã‚  to descend / go downstairsredescendre  Ã‚  to descend againentrer  Ã‚  to enterrentrer  Ã‚  to re-entermonter  Ã‚  to climbremonter  Ã‚  to climb againmourir  Ã‚  to dienaà ®tre  Ã‚  to be bornrenaà ®tre  Ã‚  to be reborn, born again)partir  Ã‚  to leaverepartir  Ã‚  to leave againpasser  Ã‚  to passrester  Ã‚  to stayretourner  Ã‚  to returnsortir  Ã‚  to go outressortir  Ã‚  to go out againtomber  Ã‚  to fallretomber  Ã‚  to fall againvenir  Ã‚  to comedevenir  Ã‚  to becomeparvenir  Ã‚  to reach, achieverevenir  Ã‚  to come again, come back These are all intransitive verbs that communicate a certain kind of movement. You do get used to these verbs over time and one day youll be able to sense whether to use à ªtre or avoir without even having to think about it.  1. In addition to the above, all pronominal verbs use à ªtre as the auxiliary verb:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Je me suis levà ©.  Ã‚  I got up.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Il sest rasà ©.  Ã‚  He shaved.2. For all verbs conjugated with à ªtre, the past participle has to agree with the subject in gender and number in all of the compound tenses ( learn more):  Ã‚  Ã‚   Il est allà ©.  Ã‚  He went.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elle est allà ©e.  Ã‚  She went.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ils sont allà ©s.  Ã‚  They went.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elles sont allà ©es.  Ã‚  They went.3. Verbs are conjugated with à ªtre because they are intransitive (have no direct object). However, six of these verbs can be used transitively (with a direct object), and when this happens, they need avoir as the auxiliary verb. Mnemonic Devices for Learning tre Verbs: Dr and Mrs Vandertramp There are  certain French verbs  which require  Ãƒ ªtre  as the auxiliary verb in the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  and other compound tenses, and students sometimes have a hard time remembering them. There are 14 common verbs plus numerous derivatives which take  Ãƒ ªtre, and their derivatives usually do too. For example,  entrer  is an  Ãƒ ªtre  verb, as is its derivative  rentrer. Generally speaking, all of the verbs indicate a particular kind of movement, either literal or figurative - lesson on à ªtre verbs.   Intransitive verbs One very important thing to remember is that verbs only use  Ãƒ ªtre  when they are intransitive (do not have a direct object): Je suis passà © huit heures  vs  Jai passà © la maison.Je suis montà © avant lui  vs  Jai montà © la valise. I can promise you that eventually you will instinctively know which verbs take  Ãƒ ªtre, but in the meantime, you might want to try one of these mnemonic devices.   La Maison dtre The French teach  Ãƒ ªtre  verbs with a visual:  La Maison dà ªtre. Draw a house with a door, stairs, windows, etc. and then label it with the  Ãƒ ªtre  verbs. For example, put someone on the stairs going up (  monter) and another going down (  descendre).There are three acronyms that are commonly used to remember  Ãƒ ªtre  verbs. Strangely, none of them includes  passer, which is an  Ãƒ ªtre  verb when used intransively.   DR MRS VANDERTRAMP This is perhaps the most popular mnemonic device for  Ãƒ ªtre  verbs in the United States. Personally, I find DR MRS VANDERTRAMP redundant since it includes some derivatives, but if it works for you, go for it. DevenirRevenirMonterResterSortir VenirAllerNaà ®treDescendreEntrerRentrerTomberRetournerArriverMourirPartir ADVENT Each letter in ADVENT stands for one of the verbs and its opposite, plus one extra verb, for a total of thirteen. Arriver - PartirDescendre - MonterVenir - AllerEntrer - SortirNaà ®tre - MourirTomber - ResterRetourner DRAPERS VAN MMT13 Each letter in DRAPERS VAN MMT stands for one of the 13 verbs. DescendreResterAllerPartirEntrerRetournerSortir VenirArriverNaà ®tre MourirMonterTomber -13  total verbs Tips From Teachers On the  Profs de franà §ais forum, some teachers stated that acronyms dont work - their students remember the letters, but not the verb each one signifies. So they use music or poetry to help students learn and remember à ªtre verbs: 1.  I have the students sing the  past participles  of the verbs to the tune of Ten Little Indians. Its a good way to remember which verbs take  Ãƒ ªtre, plus it helps them remember the irregular past participles: allà ©, arrivà ©, venu, revenu,entrà ©, rentrà ©, descendu, devenu,sorti, parti, restà ©, retournà ©,montà ©, tombà ©, nà © et mort. 2.  I have my students memorize the verbs in a specific order: the 8 -er verbs, which they can learn in about 2 minutes in class. Next is  descendre, because its the opposite of  monter. Then the -ir verbs, the  venir  family, and the beginning and end of life.  Passer par  brings up the grand finale. Most classes can learn them all in less than 5 minutes. And then I put it all together into a little poem: Aller, arriver, entrer, rentrer, rester, retourner, tomber, monter,descendre,partir, sortir,venir, devenir, revenir,naà ®tre, mourir, et passer par.Ces dix-sept verbes sont conjuguà ©s avec le verbe à ªtre au passà © composà ©. Yà ©Ã‚  ! Sometimes I do it in a sing-song voice or rap it. Ive been known to put on a pair of shades; it seems to make an impression and get them all into it. My students seem to be able to remember this order with no difficulty whatsoever, and I see them scanning their quizzes, silently reciting the order of verbs, marking an asterisk next to the ones that need  Ãƒ ªtre, and being quite successful. When I have had those students in more advanced classes through the years, they have remembered my formula. If they slip, all it takes is a gentle reminder:  Aller, arriver...  and to have them all join in to reinforce the verbs. Ive run into students many years later who could still recall them all and wanted to recite them for me. tre Verbs Used Transitively Verbs that require  Ãƒ ªtre  in the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  and other compound tenses are intransitive - that is, they have no direct object. But some of them can be used transitively (with a  direct object), and when this happens, these verbs need  avoir  as the helping verb. In addition, there is a slight change in meaning. descendre Il est descendu.  - He went down(stairs).Il a descendu lescalier.  - He went down the stairs.Il a descendu la valise.  - He took the suitcase down. monter Il est montà ©.  - He went up(stairs).Il a montà © la cà ´te.  - He went up the hill.Il a montà © les livres.  - He took the books up. passer Je suis passà © devant le parc.  - I went by the park.Jai passà © la porte.  - I went through the door.Jai passà © une heure ici.  - I spent an hour here. rentrer Je suis rentrà ©.  - I came home.Jai rentrà © les chaises.  - I brought the chairs inside. retourner Elle est retournà ©e en France.  - She has returned to France.Elle a retournà © la lettre.  - She returned / sent back the letter. sortir Elle est sortie.  - She went out.Elle a sorti la voiture  - She took the car out. Repeating French Auxiliary Verbs - Avoir and tre When using more than one verb in the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  or another compound tense, you can - but do not always have to - repeat the auxiliary verb in front of each past participle. Whether you have to repeat the auxiliary depends on whether the main verbs take the same auxiliary verb. If they are all  avoir  verbs, all  Ãƒ ªtre  verbs, or all pronominal verbs, you dont need to include the auxiliary in front of each one. Verbs With the Same Auxiliary When you want to say I ate and drank, you need to consider the auxiliary verb that  manger  and  boire  require. Since they both take  avoir, you can leave off the auxiliary from the second verb: Jai mangà © et bu Or you can repeat the auxiliary, with or without the subject pronoun:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jai mangà © et ai bu orJai mangà © et jai bu To say I left at noon and got home at midnight, you need  Ãƒ ªtre  for both verbs, so you dont need to repeat the auxiliary: Je suis parti midi et rentrà © minuit But you can also say: Je suis parti midi et suis rentrà © minuit  or  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suis parti midi et je suis rentrà © minuit The same basic rule applies when youre using only pronominal verbs, as in I got up and got dressed:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Je me suis levà © et habillà ©. However, if you want to repeat the auxiliary of  pronominal verbs, you must also repeat the  reflexive pronoun: Je me suis levà © et me suis habillà ©Je me suis levà © et je me suis habillà ©xxx  Je me suis levà © et suis habillà ©Ã‚  xxx Verbs With Different Auxiliaries When you have a sentence with verbs that need different auxiliaries, or with a mix of pronominal and non-pronominal verbs, you are required use the various auxiliaries in front of each verb. You may also repeat the  subject pronoun:   I worked and went to the bank. Jai travaillà © et suis allà © la banqueJai travaillà © et je suis allà © la banque I got up and went downstairs. Je me suis levà © et suis descenduJe me suis levà © et je suis descendu He ate, left, and went to bed early. Il a mangà ©, est parti et sest couchà © tà ´tIl a mangà ©, il est parti et il sest couchà © tà ´t​ Verbs With Some of the Same Auxiliaries If you have some  verbs with one auxiliary  and some verbs with another, you can still drop the shared auxiliaries when they are alone in the clause (that is, when the clause has only  avoir  verbs,  Ãƒ ªtre  verbs, or pronominal verbs): On a dansà © et chantà ©, et puis (on) est allà © une autre boà ®te We danced and sang, and then went to another club  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As-tu fait ton lit et nettoyà © ta chambre, ou tes-tu douchà © et habillà ©Ã‚  ? Did you make your bed and clean your room, or did you take a shower and get dressed?   When in doubt... Remember that its never wrong to repeat the auxiliary verb (though overdoing it can make your French sound a bit stilted). But it is wrong not to use the different auxiliaries if you have different types of verbs.

Bare Bone Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bare Bone Analysis - Essay Example This is augmented by the partial dilatation which results in a sufficient opening to permit the fetus to descend into the pelvic canal. Furthermore, the patient undergoes premature progression and formation of myometrial gash junctions, in addition to inflammatory mediator enthused contractions. The other pathophysiology effect is atypical placental implantation and augmented ligamental laxity that results in back pain (Chao, et al, 2011). Physiology A normal physiologic scenario is one that is affected by innate human capability of the mother and fetus. Unlike in this scenario, Braxton-Hick or pre-labor contractions normally subside with rest or fluids and do not thus transform the cervix during actual labor contractions do. The mucus plug which keeps the cervix closed is lost, since the body facilitates the uterus contraction. Aches and provisional quick groin pains occur due to gentle straining of the ligaments attached to the pelvic bones, plus lower back. In addition, oxygen sup ply during labor is normally reduced due to interferences of supply of oxygenated maternal blood to placenta by the contractions (Kaimal, et al, & Cheng, 2011). There is also an increase in maternal blood supply, couple with lowering of systemic vascular resistance from blood vessels due to mounting intensity of hormones. Thus, cardiac output increases considerably leading to a decrease in blood pressure. Renal clearance is usually elevated resulting in lower-than-normal serum levels from renal markers referred to as blood-urea-nitrogen and creatinine (Kaimal, et al , & Cheng, 2011). Predisposing Factors There are numerous predisposing factors that could have led to Patience condition. First, the fact that she lost two previous pregnancies to first trimester miscarriages exposed her to preceding second-trimester dilation and evacuation, in addition to uterine anomalies like outsized fibroids and mullerian abnormalities. Second, Patience could have gone through short inter-pregnancy timeline of less than six months, considering that she may possibly have had a cervical injury, cervical insufficiency, diethylstilbestrol, or previous cervical surgery. Therefore, the premature effacement or shortening of vaginal section of Patience cervix and dilation could be due to structural weakness in her cervix) exposure, and anatomic abnormalities of the cervix (Maloni, 2012). Thirdly, fetal abnormalities or even untimely placental separation could be a causative factor, and are thus making the abruption. Other features could be demographic factors given that previous studies reveal that nonwhite races have a high probability of preterm birth, especially in Black race (Maloni & Damato, 2004). The concerns about anemia could possibly imply existence of uteroplacental insufficiency, such as hypertension, and this brought about trichomonas condition. Furthermore, she could be having low pre-pregnancy weight and body mass index, and her prenatal care was not as continuous or no ne at all. Others include, grave maternal infections like, urinary tract infection, placenta previa, bacterial vaginosis or intrauterine growth constraint. Moreover, hormonal changes especially mediated by maternal and fetal stress could also be a factor (Chao, et al, & Leven, 2011). Treatment Modalities Treatment modalities can begin with offering Patience prophylactic pharmacologic therapy, so as to extend her gestation and decrease her chances of getting respiratory distress syndrome or even intra-amniotic infectivity. Medicines are

The effects of the Canadian residential school on the modern Essay

The effects of the Canadian residential school on the modern aboriginal people - Essay Example residential schools, they were subjected to different forms of torture ranging from physical to sexual abuse and provision of inferior education that was not competitive with the Euro-Canadians (Barth, 2008). Several effects of this treatment are being felt up to date by the modern aboriginals. One of the effects of this is the loss of the aboriginal culture that is passed down generations and this means that the modern aboriginals do not recognize fully their culture. The abuse these people passed through when young has affected their present whereby they become abusers or do not know how to maintain relations. Since the children did not get a chance to be nurtured properly by their parents since they were away in these schools, they also do not know how to nurture their own children. The abuse led them to have a low self-esteem and even feelings of worthlessness which has translated to a large number of them attempting suicide now that they are grown up (Episkenew, 2009). These effects will continue unless measures are taken sooner. Some of these measures are slow or not tailored to reverse some of these effects like culture loss which even with therapy will not come back (Austin and Boyd,

Journal entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Journal entry - Essay Example The habit is then transferred to classrooms in the writing of assignments and essays. This has lowered the quality of written work teenagers produce. The problem is getting severe by the day such that college admission officers are getting concerned that the habit is getting out of hand. They are reporting increased cases of below par admission essays. (Eble 65) notes that slang is ever changing, and the speakers seek to establish a form of social identity within the group. The other reported problem has been the use of slang words. Words are gradually being replaced by simpler, shorter versions. While this problem is common among teenagers and the younger generation, the habit is catching up with adults. It is now a common occurrence to hear people say ‘yeah in place of ‘yes. People have a hard time differentiating between casual and official language. The effects of this communication mishap are being seen where people are failing in job interviews due to the use of what is deemed as casual language. Those who encounter such scenarios learn the negative impact of the use of slang in the harshest of ways. They fail to adjust their language according to the situation at hand. While many insist that the slang has had a negative impact of English language, there are those who disagree. They argue that English; just like any other language is not static. They are of the opinion that languages are dynamic and as such, the language is a collection of words from different languages, (Hogg 111) For instance, English is a collection of words from Greek and Latin, which have been reinvented and assimilated over time. The invention of fast mode of transport has enhanced globalization where people travel far and wide thus further promoting cultural interaction. As people travel for business, education or tourism purposes, they are bound to assimilate some words

Chritiane Nords Notion of Function Plus Loyalty

Chritiane Nords Notion of Function Plus Loyalty INTRODUCTION The emergence of functionalist approaches to translation in the 1970s and 1980s was quite revolutionary in that it marked the move from what Munday (2001: 72) describes as the static linguistic typologies of translation shift, a term defined by Catford (1965: 73) as departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL, to a consideration of the overall function of the Target Text (TT) in the Target Culture (TC). However, these approaches have been criticised on various grounds. This paper investigates one of these criticisms and whether Chritiane Nords notion of function plus loyalty adequately addresses the issue. SKOPOSTHEORIE As a term, functionalism is used to refer to the aggregate of approaches to translation that focus on the overall function(s) of a text or translation (Nord 1997:1). In other words, functionalism has been expressed or practised differently by different scholars and translators. However, they all appear to have drawn inspiration from what Vermeer has called skopostheorie, the birth of which apparently marked the beginning of functionalism (Honig 1997: 6). According to Vermeer (2004), [t]he skopos of a translation is the goal or purpose , defined by the commission and if necessary adjusted by the translator (236) and this notion of skopos can be applied in the translation process, the translation result as well as the translation mode (230). This skopos determines whether a text should be translated word for word or paraphrased or even adapted. As Nord (1997) puts it, the Skopos of a particular translation task may require a free or a faithful translation, or anything between these two extremes, depending on the purpose for which the translation is needed (29). Thus a single text can beget different translations according to the different translation briefs provided. This approach was quite novel in that it, to a large extent, addressed the eternal dilemmas of free vs faithful translations, dynamic vs formal equivalence, good interpreters vs slavish translators, and so on (Nord 1997: 29). However, it has also received quite a number of criticisms. One of such attacks came from Pym (1996) who questions the ability of functionalism to provide a basis for a professional ethics of translation. He then asks: Can such a theory generate a way of discerning between good and bad purposes, between good and bad translation strategies? Or is its aim merely to produce mercenary experts, able to fight under the flag of any purpose able to pay them? (2) Pym questions the apparent neglect of the ST, undue emphasis on the TT and the freedom skopostheorie gives the translator to produce any kind of text as dictated by the translation brief, whether or not the said brief is a far cry from the intentions of the author of the source text. In response to such criticisms, Nord added the concept of loyalty to functionalism. FUNCTION PLUS LOYALTY Chritiane Nord maintains that the loyalty principle is meant to account for the culture-specificity of translation concepts, setting an ethical limitation to the otherwise unlimited range of possible skopoi for the translation of one particular source text (2007:2-3). Loyalty is used to refer to the responsibility of translators, as mediators between two cultures, towards their partners namely, the source-text author, the client or commissioner of the translation, and the target-text receivers (Nord 2001: 185). It may also be seen as taking into account the intentions and expectations of all the partners in the communicative interaction named translation (195). Though the clients brief determines the skopos of the translation, it is not the only determining factor for the translation. The translator should be loyal to the ST author by ensuring that he not produce a TT that falsifies the authors intentions (Nord 2005:32). In other words, loyalty ensures some compatibility between the ST and the TT. The translator should also be loyal to the target audience, who have some expectations of what the translations should be like, by explaining in a footnote or preface how they arrived at a particular meaning, the thought-process involved. Nord distinguishes loyalty from fidelity or equivalence. While she sees the former as an interpersonal relationship between the translator and his partners, the latter she sees as concepts used to refer to the linguistic or stylistic similarity between the source and the target texts, regardless of the communicative intentions involved (2001: 185) HOW ADEQUATE? This section looks at the adequacy of Nords function plus loyalty principle to translation, especially in relation to Pyms accusation of skopostheorie producing only mercenary experts. In the first place, it checks the apparent freedom of the translator to produce any kind of translation in accordance with the clients brief. While function requires that the translation be modelled to fit into the brief provided by the commissioner, loyalty requires the translator to justify their choice of translation method by considering the interests of all the participants involved in the translation, not just that of the client. A translator should not produce a translation that goes contrary to the brief; they also should satisfy the expectations of the target audience as well as not falsify the intentions of the author. So if the brief betrays the communicative intentions of the author, it is then the translators duty to draw the attention of the client to this apparent anomaly. Pym (2007: 132) quotes Nord as saying that If the client asks for a translation that would mean being disloyal to either the author or the target readership or both, the translator should argue this point with the client or perhaps even refuse to produce the translation on ethical grounds. So the translator is not a mere mercenary since they do not accept whatever skopos is given them. Downie puts it this way: With the addition of the notion of loyalty the translator is now ethically and professionally responsible to either observe the expectations their partners have of their work or to tell them why these expectations have not been met (2), This principle reduces the number of skopoi that could be generated for a single translation text. Two questions may be raised against the loyalty principle, one of which has been partly answered in Downies quote above namely: is it always possible for every party to be made happy by the translator? According to Nord, the translator has the moral obligation not to translate on a brief that will falsify the authors intention. If after explaining the situation to the client and the client insists on not modifying the brief to make up for the defect, the translator has the moral responsibility to refuse to do the translation. Downie has already highlighted what the translator should do if the translation goes contrary to the expectations of the receiving audience. In Nords words, if the target culture expects the translation to be a literal reproduction of the original, translators cannot simply translate in a non-literal way without telling the target audience what they have done and why (1997: 125). This increases the level of confidence the audience has on the translator and makes them more ready to accept the translation as of a good quality even if their (the audiences) expectations are not met. This raises the second question: will the adoption of the documentary translation in situations where the source culture is markedly different from the target culture, seen in the additional explanations the translator has to make for the reader, not affect the reception of the work since the audience is aware that the text is not the original, but a translation? Though the reader might be affected by the realisation, the style shows that the translator has some respect for the reader and will help build their confidence in the translator for taking the pains to explain their strategy and choices. One other issue the loyalty principle addresses is the supposed dethronement of the source text. This is also one of the bases for Pym accusation of translators as being mere mercenary experts since the ST may result in TTs with which it shares a very tenuous relationship. Loyalty insists that the communicative intentions of the author be reproduced in the TT. And this can only be achieved when a detailed analysis of the ST is done to appreciate its place in the source culture, temporally and spatially. Nord insists that the interpretation of a text goes beyond the linguistic, that it is a product of the many variables of the situation (time, place, addresses) in which it originated (1997: 119), and that the analysis of extratextual factors such as author, time, place, or medium may shed some light on what may have been the senders intentions (125-6). The translator then does a similar extratextual study of the target situation to identify the expression that best reflects the author s intentions in the target situation. So in the main, the TT intentions are hinged on those of the ST. CONCLUSION It is axiomatic that a text is open to multiple interpretations, and translations. But Nords notion of function plus loyalty has indeed restricted the otherwise arbitrary production of translation briefs and translations that are a far cry from the message of the ST. It also weakens the criticism that functionalism advocates a dethronement of the ST. However, the satisfaction of every party involved in the translation process is only but an ideal, not always practicable. But loyalty has made the translator more responsible and conscious of their translations and increased the confidence of other participants on the translator. Indeed if translators will adhere to this charge of being loyal, the problems of mistranslations will be greatly reduced. REFERENCES Catford, J. C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford. Downie, Jonathan. The End of an Era? Does skopos theory spell the end of the free vs literal paradigm? online: Pneuma Foundation: In depth resources: http://www.pneumafoundation.org/resources/in_depth.jsp Homig, Hans G. 1997. Position, power and practice: Functionalist approaches and translation quality assessment. In Current Issues in Language and Society. Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 7 34. Munday, J. 2008. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. Nord, Chritiane. 1997. 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